- 03The Cost of Verifying EverythingEvery full node re-executes every transaction. That duplication is the entire point and it is also the reason these systems are slow.node operation · Aug 18, 2026 · 2 min
- 02Data Availability SamplingChecking that data exists without downloading it. The technique that makes rollup scaling work without every node storing everything.consensus and blocks · Jun 26, 2026 · 2 min
- 01How Signatures Are AggregatedCombining thousands of signatures into one is what makes large validator sets practical. The mechanism and what it costs.consensus and blocks · May 11, 2026 · 2 min